Bixaceae
Bixa

Bixa orellana L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 512 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Mexico to S. Tropical America. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela

Introduced into:

Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina, Cambodia, Caroline Is., Central African Republic, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Galápagos, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Hawaii, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Leeward Is., Liberia, Marianas, Mauritius, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Southwest Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuelan Antilles, Wallis-Futuna Is., Windward Is., Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 1: 1-114. ORSTOM, Bangui.
  • Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
  • Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Lebrun, J.P., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
  • Lejoly, J., Ndjele, L. & Geerinck, D. (2008). Flore de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 24: 1-37.
  • Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 30: 1-307.
  • Linares, J.L. (2003 publ. 2005). Lista comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la República de El Salvador. Ceiba; a Scientific and Technical Journal Published by Zamorano 44: 105-268.
  • MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
  • Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Oliveira-Filho, A.T. (2006). Catálogo das Árvores nativas de Minas Gerais: 1-423. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
  • Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.
  • Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 13: 1-548. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • Chev. Bot. 36.
  • —F.T.A. 1: 114

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Bernal, R., Galeano, G., Rodríguez, A., Sarmiento, H. & Gutiérrez, M. (2017). Nombres comunes de las plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Kew's Economic Botany collection in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/
  • Linares, E. (1994). Inventario preliminar de las plantas utilizadas para elaborar artesanías en Colombia. Vniversitas Scientarium. Vol 2: 1-38
  • Pérez-Arbeláez, E. (1996). Plantas útiles de Colombia: edición aumentada, 4a edición. Fondo FEN Colombia.
  • Rugeles Chacón, L. E., Ortiz, J., Díaz, G., Bladimir, L., & Huertas, D. A. (2012). La cadena de valor de los ingredientes naturales del Biocomercio para las industrias farmacéutica, alimentaria y cosmética-FAC. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano.
  • Tapasco, J., et al. (2015). Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia: especies nativas y biocomercio. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Monografía No. 257, Washington D.C.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2021). https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v63/2021/165154. epublication.
  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 1: 1-114. ORSTOM, Bangui.
  • Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.
  • Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Gonzalez, F., Nelson Diaz, J. & Lowry, P. (1995). Flora Illustrada de San Andrés y Providencia: 1-281. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Colombia.
  • Guillaumin, A. (1948). Compendium de la Flore Phanérogamique des Nouvelles Hébrides. Annales de l'Institut Botanico-Geologique Colonial de Marseille, VI, 5-6: 1-56.
  • Jaramillo Díaz, P. & Guézou, A. (2017). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galápagos http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/vascular-plants/.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Lebrun, J.-P., Audru, J., Gaston, A. & Mosnier, M. (1972). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Tchad Méridional: 1-289. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
  • Lebrun, J.P., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
  • Lejoly, J., Ndjele, L. & Geerinck, D. (2008). Flore de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 24: 1-37.
  • Linares, J.L. (2003 publ. 2005). Lista comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la República de El Salvador. Ceiba; a Scientific and Technical Journal Published by Zamorano 44: 105-268.
  • MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
  • Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
  • Oliveira-Filho, A.T. (2006). Catálogo das Árvores nativas de Minas Gerais: 1-423. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
  • Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.
  • Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 13: 1-548. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • A. Engler & O. Drude, Die Vegetation Der Erde, IX, Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 3(2): 540, fig. 243 (1921).
  • Backer & Heemstede in Fl. Males., ser. 1, 4: 239, figs. 1, 2 (1951).
  • Cufod., Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Supplement in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux.) p. 594 (1959).
  • Dammer in Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete, Theile B: 404 (1895).
  • Excell & Mendonça in Consp. Fl. Angol. 1: 77 (1937).
  • F. White, Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia p. 263 (1962).
  • Hutch., Fam. Fl. Pl., ed. 3: 253, fig. 74 (1973).
  • J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 74 (1949).
  • Keay, Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 183 (1954).
  • L., Sp. Pl.: 512 (1753).
  • Oliv. in Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 114 (1868).
  • Pilger in A. Engler & K. Prantl, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2, 21: 314, fig. 139 (1925).
  • Sim., For. Fl. Port. E. Afr.: 11, t. 2/A (1909).
  • Villiers in Fl. Gabon 22: 59, t. 15 (1973).
  • Volkens in Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahelm App. 22, 3: 68, 110–111, fig. 57 (1910).
  • Wild in Flora Zambesiaca 1: 261 (1960).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • García Castro, N. J. (2011). Plantas nativas empleadas en alimentación en Colombia. Instituo de Investigaciones Biológicas Alexander von Humboldt. http://repository.humboldt.org.co/handle/20.500.11761/31275
  • Garrido, A.M., Cámara-Leret, R., Madriñán, S. (2014). Nombres y usos de las plantas identificadas por los indígenas cubeo de Colombia (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá.
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Identificación de las plantas útiles como Productos Forestales No Maderables del Bosque seco-Tropical en tres ventanas del Caribe colombiano. 1386 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Sarmiento Bernal, C. (Proveedor del metadatos). Espitia Palenci, L. (Autor), Gallego, B. (Punto de contacto), Aguilar Cano, J. (Curador), Mendoza, H. (Curador). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=rrbb_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Listado de especies de Productos No Maderables del caribe colombiano. 366 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Espitia Palencia, L. (Proveedor del metadatos). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2016). Dinámicas del uso de la biodiversidad en los sistemas agroalimentarios regionales del municipio de Montería, Córdoba. 240 registros, aportados por: Hernández, A. (Contacto del recurso), Avila, F. (Creador del recurso, Proveedor de metadatos). Versión 1.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=rrbb_monteria_plantae_2016
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2014 Wardi; Ruhiyat; Ralo; de Kok, R. [BOHK 504] Indonesia K000734742 No
Nov 1, 2010 Bau, B. [LAE 83033] K000577025 No
Nov 1, 2010 Barbon et al. [22014] Philippines K000577024 No
Dec 8, 2006 Clunies-Ross, C. [CCR141] Vanuatu K000036917 No
Oct 24, 1996 Duarte, A.P. [8818] Brazil K000973077 Yes
Jan 1, 1994 Dubs, B. [1623] Brazil K000973064 Yes
Feb 1, 1990 Agra, M.F. [1182] Brazil K000973066 Yes
Jan 1, 1987 Etuge, M. [221] Cameroon K000105912 No
Jan 1, 1987 Etuge, M. [234] Cameroon K000105913 No
Jan 1, 1987 Balée, W.L.; Ribeiro, B.G. [801] Brazil K000973065 Yes
Jan 1, 1986 Plowman, T.; Davidse, G.; Rosa, N.A.; Rosário, C.S.; Santos, M.R. [8278] Brazil K000973063 Yes
Jan 1, 1982 Lasseigne, A.A. [P22589] Brazil K000973069 Yes
Jan 1, 1966 Prance, G.T.; Pennington, T.D.; Silva, N.T. [1630] Brazil K000973070 Yes
Tinsley [4895] Ghana K:SPC-16581.000 No
Méndez, M.H. [72] Mexico K005434810 Yes
Okon, F. [3] Cameroon K000875823 Yes
Lindman, C.A.M. [3159] Brazil K000973079 Yes
Cardial, J.M.; Watkiss, E.J. [75] Bolivia K005507600 Yes
Jansen-Jacobs, M.J.; ter Welle, B.J.H.; Haripersaud, P.P.; Muller, O.; van der Zee, M. [5680] Guyana K005507629 Yes
Lister, J.R.A.; Colchester, M.E.M. [2174] Venezuela K005507617 Yes
Lehmann, F.C. [6385] Colombia K005507641 Yes
Eden, M.J. [s.n.] Colombia K005507589 Yes
s.coll. [150] Mexico K005434815 Yes
Hutchinson, P.C.; Kenneth Wright, J. [3643] Peru K005507608 Yes
Carvalho, A.M.; Bromley, G. [263] Brazil K000973067 Yes
Marquez R, W. [416] Mexico K005434819 Yes
Beck, S.G. [4553] Bolivia K005507591 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 1067] India K001110906 Unknown Type Material Yes
Stork, H.E.; Horton, O.B. [10475] Peru K005507632 Yes
Tucker, J.M. [853] El Salvador K005434828 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1067] K001110910 Unknown Type Material Yes
Guareco, I.; Cary, M. [44] Bolivia K005507598 Yes
Nuñez, A.; Oquelí, C.; Ascencio, F. [9] El Salvador K005434830 Yes
Robyns, A. [945] Panama K005507577 Yes
Silva, E.S.; Lima, J. [R.5811] Brazil K000973068 Yes
Mathews [3100] Peru K005507633 Yes
Jansen-Jacobs, M.J.; ter Welle, B.J.H.; Haripersaud, P.P.; Muller, O.; van der Zee, M. [5680] Guyana K005507628 Yes
s.coll. [529] Mexico K005434813 Yes
Daly, D.C.; Callejas P, R.; Escobar, O.D. [5217] Colombia K005507583 Yes
Torres-Diaz, B. [ANTD1141] Mexico K005434808 Yes
Lewis, W.H.; Nowicke, J.W.; Ridgway, J.E.; Robyns, A.G.; Verhoek, S.E.; Zaborowski, A.V. [2974] Panama K005507578 Yes
Lister, J.R.A.; Colchester, M.E.M. [528] Venezuela K005507624 Yes
Bourke-Borrowes, D. [79] Bolivia K005507636 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Bolivia K005507592 Yes
Seijo, G.J.; Solis Neffa, V.G.; Grabiele, M.; Reynoso, W. [3584] Bolivia K005507597 Yes
Hinton, G.B.; et al. [11765] Mexico K005434825 Yes
Holguer Lugo, S. [s.n.] Ecuador K005507621 Yes
s.coll. [452] Mexico K005434812 Yes
Taylor, R.G. [G67] Ecuador K005507615 Yes
Araya, F. [558] Costa Rica K005434834 Yes
Guillen, R.; Coria, S. [1640] Bolivia K005507604 Yes
Burchell [7274] Brazil K000973075 Yes
Mexia, Y. [6435] Peru K005507605 Yes
Asplund, E. [s.n.] Ecuador K005507612 Yes
Hinton, G.B.; et al. [10233] Mexico K005434824 Yes
Miguel Bang, A. [214] Bolivia K005507593 Yes
Burchell [1079] Brazil K000973076 Yes
Amith, J.; Mendoza, P.; Amith, J. [1369] Mexico K005434807 Yes
Mambo, P. [9] Cameroon K000105916 No
Gust, O.A.; Malme [1500] Brazil K000973071 Yes
Miguel Bang, A. [606] Bolivia K005507635 Yes
Telfair, C. [Cat. no. 1067] Mauritius K001110908 Unknown Type Material Yes
Meneces, E.; Terceros, W. [443] Bolivia K005507596 Yes
Gardner [3569] Brazil K000973080 Yes
Allen, C. [378] Colombia K005507638 Yes
Quesada, F. [49] Costa Rica K005434832 Yes
Cuming [1167] K005507640 Yes
Forster [s.n.] K005507645 Yes
De Jong, W.; Shanley, P. Peru K001635664 No
Flórez, M.; Fernández, M.; Díaz, J.; Gómez, S.E.; Mosquera, L.J.; Palanca, M.; Cunampia, A.; Lemus, P.; Palacios, F. [MAFP_999] Colombia K001609277 Yes
Williams, D.; Piland, R.; Chita, J. [1082] Bolivia K005507603 Yes
Carballo, G. [131] Costa Rica K005434837 Yes
Schultes, R.E.; Earle Smith, C. [3002] Colombia K005507584 Yes
André, É. [1953] K005507644 Yes
Matuda, E. [2165] Mexico K005434816 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005507649 Yes
Little, E.L. [6175] Ecuador K005507614 Yes
André, É. [1953] Colombia K005507647 Yes
Quesada, F. [49] Costa Rica K005434831 Yes
Sandeman, C.A.W. [209] Peru K005507619 Yes
Schultes, R.E. [3963] Colombia K005507586 Yes
Cuming, H. [1167] Panama K005507580 Yes
André, É. [1953] Colombia K005507646 Yes
Ríos, M.; et al. [127] Ecuador K005507611 Yes
Marquez R, W. [322] Mexico K005434817 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 1067] Malaysia K001110907 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005507650 Yes
Smith, H.H. [s.n.] Colombia K005507585 Yes
[Dr. Linler] [s.n.] Peru K005507606 Yes
Bond, F.E.; Gillin, T.S.; Brown, S. [113] Venezuela K005507620 Yes
Schultes, R.E.; Villarreal, M. [7312] Colombia K005507642 Yes
Klug, G. [4116] Peru K005507631 Yes
Schultes, R.E.; Black, G.A. [8436] Colombia K005507639 Yes
Marquez R, W.; Yong, M.T. [280] Mexico K005434818 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Bolivia K000630404 No
Baker, C.F. [2000] Nicaragua K005434826 Yes
Fendler, A. [328] Panama K005507576 Yes
Maas, P.J.M.; Schunke, V.J.; Koek-Noorman, J.; van Heusden, E.C.H. [6219] Peru K005507607 Yes
Lister, J.R.A.; Colchester, M.E.M. [82] Venezuela K005507623 Yes
Yuncker, T.G.; Koepper, J.M.; Wagner, K.A. [8404] Honduras K005434838 Yes
Preston, T.A. [s.n.] Brazil K000973073 Yes
Anderson, A.B.; Strudwick, J.; Sobel, G.; Gonçalves, M.; Rosario, C.; Baia, R.; Vasconcelos, P.C.; Pinto, M.G. [1179] K005507677 Yes
Blanchet; Moricans [3111] Brazil K000973072 Yes
Dexter, K.G.; Daza Yomona, A. [6476] Peru K005507610 Yes
André, É. [1953] K005507648 Yes
Tonduz, Ad. [14866] Costa Rica K005434836 Yes
Nilsson, V.; Manfredi, R. [554] Costa Rica K005434835 Yes
Gardner [3569] Brazil K000973078 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1067] India K001110909 Unknown Type Material Yes
Tredwell, H.; Collings [150] Peru K005507609 Yes
Hinton, G.B.; et al. [10770] Mexico K005434827 Yes
Vargas, E.; Seidel, R.; Beck, S.G.; Hirschle, A.; Elbers, J. [2117] Bolivia K005507601 Yes
Schultes, R.E. [6012] Colombia K005507643 Yes
Gentle, P. [1032] Belize K005434829 Yes
Cazalet, P.C.D.; Pennington, T.D. [5021] Ecuador K005507613 Yes
Mambo, P. [9] Cameroon K000105915 No
Cornejo, J.C.; Lawrance, A.; Arroyo, L.; Lino, R. [2] Bolivia K005507630 Yes
Schultes, R.E. [6129] Colombia K005507588 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Bolivia K005507602 Yes
Schultes, R.E. [3963] Colombia K005507587 Yes
Wood, J.R.I. [9834] Bolivia K005507595 Yes
Schultes, R.E.; Black, G.A. [8462] Colombia K005507637 Yes
Eichler [1273] Brazil K005507579 Yes
s.coll. [327] K005507651 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Venezuela K005507622 Yes
Williams, R.S. [649] Bolivia K005507634 Yes
Hugh-Jones, D.Ll. [370] Colombia K005507590 Yes
Rusby, H.H.; Squires, R.W. [139] Venezuela K005507618 Yes
Allen, P.H. [957] Panama K005507582 Yes
Lister, J.R.A.; Colchester, M.E.M. [2353] Venezuela K005507626 Yes
[Lhiese]; [Dippa] [1318] Mexico K005434814 Yes
Cardial, J.M.; Watkiss, E.J. [75] Bolivia K005507599 Yes
Eyerdam, W.J. [24823] Bolivia K005507594 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Venezuela K005507625 Yes
Hinton, G.B.; et al. [11500] Mexico K005434823 Yes
Taylor, N.P.; Knees, S.G. [520] Mexico K005434811 Yes
Fendler, A. [328] Panama K005507616 Yes
Quesada, F. [78] Costa Rica K005434833 Yes
s.coll. [327] K005507652 Yes
Jeffrey, C.; Trujillo, B. [2355] Venezuela K005507627 Yes
Burchell [5626] Brazil K000973074 Yes
Dodge, C.W.; Hunter, A.A.; Steyermark, J.A.; Allen, P.H. [16630] Panama K005507581 Yes

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  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/